CHAGALL, MARC
* 7.7.1887 Vitebsk, † 28.3.1985 Saint-Paul-de Vence
Marc Chagall (Moishe Segal) was born on 7 July 1887 in Vitebsk, Belarus, the eldest of nine children of a Jewish family. Chagall received his artistic training from 1907 to 1910 at the private Swansewa art school in St. Petersburg. With the proceeds of the sale of two paintings and a private scholarship, he travelled to Paris in 1910. His acquaintance with the Fauvists, Cubists and Orphists had a lasting influence on Chagall's painting style. In 1914, Chagall had his first solo exhibition at the Sturm Gallery in Berlin. In the same year, Chagall returned to his birthplace for a visit. The outbreak of the First World War prevented him from travelling back to Paris. In 1915, he married Bella Rosenfeld, with whom he had a daughter. In 1918, Marc Chagall was appointed People's Commissar for Fine Arts in the city of Vitebsk. In the same year, he founded an art academy.
In 1922, he finally turned his back on Russia. He lived first with his family in Berlin and then from 1923 in Paris. Chagall created book illustrations, producing his first Bible illustrations from 1931. He was granted French citizenship in 1937. Marc Chagall's artistic works reveal a very distinctive love of storytelling, through the use of poetic and colourful images. In his art, he combined Fauvism with elements of Russian folk art and Jewish mysticism, transforming reality into a fantastic and surreal dream world. Certain motifs and metaphors, such as the lovers, the crescent moon, the cockerel or the Jewish shtetl, are recurring features in his works. In addition to paintings and illustrations, he also created extensive cycles of etchings and lithographic works. He later designed buildings and created impressive works in glass. To escape the threat of extradition to Germany, the Chagall family emigrated to the USA in 1941. In Germany, Chagall's paintings were either burnt or confiscated as degenerate art.
After the death of his wife in 1944, Chagall suffered a deep depression, which made it impossible for him to paint for months. Two years later, his housekeeper gave birth to his only son. In 1946, Chagall returned to Paris. Six years later, he married the Russian Valentina Brodsky, who was to have a positive influence on his creativity well into his old age. In 1960, Chagall was awarded the Erasmus Prize in Copenhagen. In 1973, the Marc Chagall National Museum was opened in his honour in Nice, as the first museum devoted to a living artist. Marc Chagall died in Saint-Paul-de-Vence on 28 March 1985 at the age of 97. Chagall was one of the main exponents of figurative expressionism. His illustrations of the Bible and his colourful works make him one of the most famous artists of the 20th century.
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